The United States of America is a federal republic with autonomous state and local governments. Taxes are imposed in the United States at each of these levels. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, capital gains, dividends, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP. In the OECD, only Chile and Mexico taxed less as a share of GDP.[1] The United States also has one of the most progressive tax systems in the industrialized world.[2][3][4]
Taxes are imposed on net income of individuals and corporations by the federal, most state, and some local governments. Citizens and residents are taxed on worldwide income and allowed a credit for foreign taxes. Income subject to tax is determined under tax accounting rules, not financial accounting principles, and includes almost all income from whatever source. Most business expenses reduce taxable income, though limits apply to a few expenses. Individuals are permitted to reduce taxable income by personal allowances and certain nonbusiness expenses, including home mortgage interest, state and local taxes, charitable contributions, and medical and certain other expenses incurred above certain percentages of income. State rules for determining taxable income often differ from federal rules. Federal tax rates vary from 10% to 39.6% of taxable income. State and local tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction, from 0% to 13.30% of income,[5] and many are graduated. State taxes are generally treated as a deductible expense for federal tax computation. In 2013, the top marginal income tax rate for a high-income California resident would be 52.9%.[6]
The United States is one of two countries in the world that taxes its nonresident citizens on worldwide income, in the same manner and rates as residents; the other is Eritrea.[7] The Court upheld the constitutionality of the payment of such tax in the case of Cook v. Tait, 265 U.S. 47 (1924).
Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments. These include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees, at a combined rate of 15.3% (13.3% for 2011 and 2012). Social Security tax applies only to the first $106,800 of wages in 2009 through 2011. However, benefits are only accrued on the first $106,800 of wages. Employers must withhold income taxes on wages. An unemployment tax and certain other levies apply to employers.
Property taxes are imposed by most local governments and many special purpose authorities based on the fair market value of property. School and other authorities are often separately governed, and impose separate taxes. Property tax is generally imposed only on realty, though some jurisdictions tax some forms of business property. Property tax rules and rates vary widely with annual median rates ranging from 0.2% to 1.9% of a property's value depending on the state.[8]
Sales taxes are imposed by most states and some localities on the price at retail sale of many goods and some services. Sales tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions, from 0% to 16%, and may vary within a jurisdiction based on the particular goods or services taxed. Sales tax is collected by the seller at the time of sale, or remitted as use tax by buyers of taxable items who did not pay sales tax.
The United States imposes tariffs or customs duties on the import of many types of goods from many jurisdictions. These tariffs or duties must be paid before the goods can be legally imported. Rates of duty vary from 0% to more than 20%, based on the particular goods and country of origin.
Estate and gift taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments on the transfer of property inheritance, by will, or by life time donation. Similar to federal income taxes, federal estate and gift taxes are imposed on worldwide property of citizens and residents and allow a credit for foreign taxes.
Contents
1 Levels and types of taxation
2 Types of taxpayers
3 Income tax
3.1 Basic concepts
3.2 Filing status
3.3 Graduated tax rates
3.4 Income
3.5 Deductions and exemptions
3.6 Business entities
3.7 Credits
3.8 Payment or withholding of taxes
3.9 State variations
3.10 Nonresidents
3.11 Alternative tax bases (AMT, states)
3.12 Differences between book and taxable income for businesses
3.13 Reporting under self-assessment system
4 Payroll taxes
4.1 Income tax withholding
4.2 Social Security and Medicare taxes
4.3 Unemployment taxes
4.4 Reporting and payment
4.5 Penalties
5 Sales and excise taxes
5.1 Sales and use tax
5.2 Excise taxes
6 Property taxes
6.1 Types of property taxed
6.2 Assessment and collection
7 Customs duties
7.1 Import of goods
7.2 Origin
7.3 Classification
7.4 Duty rate
7.5 Procedures
7.6 Penalties
7.7 Foreign-Trade Zones
8 Estate and gift tax
9 Licenses and occupational taxes
9.1 User fees
10 Tax administration
10.1 Federal
10.1.1 Internal Revenue Service
10.1.1.1 Examination
10.1.1.2 Published and private rulings
10.1.2 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
10.1.3 Customs and Border Protection
10.2 State administrations
10.3 Local administrations
11 Legal basis
12 Policy issues
12.1 Tax evasion
13 History
14 References
15 Further reading
Levels and types of taxation
U.S. federal tax receipts for 2014.
The United States has an assortment of federal, state, local, and special-purpose governmental jurisdictions. Each imposes taxes to fully or partly fund its operations. These taxes may be imposed on the same income, property or activity, often without offset of one tax against another. The types of tax imposed at each level of government vary, in part due to constitutional restrictions. Income taxes are imposed at the federal and most state levels. Taxes on property are typically imposed only at the local level, though there may be multiple local jurisdictions that tax the same property. Other excise taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments. Sales taxes are imposed by most states and many local governments. Customs duties or tariffs are only imposed by the federal government. A wide variety of user fees or license fees are also imposed.
A federal wealth tax would be required by the United States Constitution to be distributed to the States according their populations, as this type of tax is considered a direct tax. State and local government property taxes are wealth taxes on real estate.
Types of taxpayers
Taxes may be imposed on individuals (natural persons), business entities, estates, trusts, or other forms of organization. Taxes may be based on property, income, transactions, transfers, importations of goods, business activities, or a variety of factors, and are generally imposed on the type of taxpayer for whom such tax base is relevant. Thus, property taxes tend to be imposed on property owners. In addition, certain taxes, particularly income taxes, may be imposed on the members of organizations for the organization's activities. Thus, partners are taxed on the income of their partnership.
With few exceptions, one level of government does not impose tax on another level of government or its instrumentalities.
Income tax
Main article: Income tax in the United States
U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center.[9][10]
Taxes based on income are imposed at the federal, most state, and some local levels within the United States. The tax systems within each jurisdiction may define taxable income separately. Many states refer to some extent to federal concepts for determining taxable income.
Basic concepts
The U.S. income tax system imposes a tax based on income on individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts.[11] The tax is taxable income, as defined, times a specified tax rate. This tax may be reduced by credits, some of which may be refunded if they exceed the tax calculated. Taxable income may differ from income for other purposes (such as for financial reporting). The definition of taxable income for federal purposes is used by many, but far from all states. Income and deductions are recognized under tax rules, and there are variations within the rules among the states. Book and tax income may differ.
Under the U.S. system, individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to income tax. Partnerships are not taxed; rather, their partners are subject to income tax on their shares of income and deductions, and take their shares of credits. Some types of business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships.[12]
Federal receipts by source as share of total receipts (1950–2010).
Individual income taxes
payroll taxes/FICA
corporate income taxes
excise taxes
estate and gift taxes
other receipts
Taxpayers are required to file tax returns and self assess tax. Tax may be withheld from payments of income (e.g., withholding of tax from wages). To the extent taxes are not covered by withholdings, taxpayers must make estimated tax payments, generally quarterly. Tax returns are subject to review and adjustment by taxing authorities, though far less than all returns are reviewed.
Taxable income is gross income less exemptions, deductions, and personal exemptions. Gross income includes "all income from whatever source". Certain income, however, is subject to tax exemption at the federal and/or state levels. This income is reduced by tax deductions including most business and some nonbusiness expenses. Individuals are also allowed a deduction for person
The United States of America is a federal republic with autonomous state and local governments. Taxes are imposed in the United States at each of these levels. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, capital gains, dividends, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP. In the OECD, only Chile and Mexico taxed less as a share of GDP.[1] The United States also has one of the most progressive tax systems in the industrialized world.[2][3][4]مالیات بر درآمد خالص از افراد و شرکت ها توسط فدرال بیشتر دولت و برخی از دولت های محلی تحمیل شده است. شهروندان و ساکنان مشمول مالیات بر درآمد در سراسر جهان و مجاز اعتباری برای مالیات های خارجی. درآمد مشمول مالیات در قوانین مالیاتی حسابداری, اصول حسابداری مالی نیست، تعیین می شود و شامل تقریبا تمام درآمد حاصل از هر منبع. هر چند اعمال محدودیت های کمی هزینه بیشتر هزینه های کسب و کار درآمد مشمول مالیات را کاهش دهد. افراد مجاز به کاهش درآمد مشمول مالیات شخصی کمک هزینه و هزینه های nonbusiness خاص، از جمله بهره رهن خانه، دولت و مالیات های محلی, کمک های خیریه و پزشکی و برخی هزینه های متحمل شده بالا درصد مشخصی از درآمد. قوانین ایالتی برای تعیین درآمد مشمول مالیات اغلب از قوانین فدرال متفاوت است. نرخ مالیات فدرال از 10% 39.6 درصد از درآمد مشمول مالیات متفاوت است. دولت و نرخ مالیات های محلی به طور گسترده ای متفاوت است با صلاحیت این دادگاه ها از 0 ٪ تا 13.30 می رود درصد درآمد [5] و بسیاری فارغ التحصیل شد. مالیات دولت به طور کلی به عنوان هزینه معافیت برای محاسبات مالیاتی فدرال درمان می شوند. که در سال 2013، نرخ مالیات حاشیه ای بالا برای ساکن کالیفرنیا با درآمد بالا 52.9 درصد باشد. [6]ایالات متحده یکی از دو کشور در جهان است که مالیات شهروندان nonresident بر درآمد در سراسر جهان در همان شیوه و نرخ به عنوان ساکنان است. دیگر اریتره است. [7] دادگاه اخاذی یاحکومت پرداخت چنین مالیاتی در مورد کوک v. تیت 265 47 ایالات متحده (1924).مالیات حقوق و دستمزد با تمام دولت های ایالتی و فدرال تحمیل شده است. این خدمات عبارتند از تامین اجتماعی و مدیکر مالیات تحميل کارفرمایان و کارکنان در میزان ترکیب 15.3 درصد (13.3% برای 2011 و 2012). امنیت اجتماعی مالیات تنها اولین $106,800 دستمزدها در سال 2009 از طریق 2011 اعمال می شود. با این حال، مزایای بر روی اولین $106,800 دستمزد تعلق تنها. کارفرمایان باید درآمد مالیات بر دستمزد خودداری. مالیات بیکاری و برخی levies به کارفرمایان اعمال می شود.مالیات بر املاک توسط اکثر دولت های محلی و بسیاری از مقامات خاص مبتنی بر ارزش منصفانه بازار املاک تحمیل شده است. مدرسه و مقامات دیگر اغلب به طور جداگانه اداره می شود و تحمیل مالیات های جداگانه. هر چند بعضی حوزه های قضایی برخی از شکل مالکیت کسب و کار مالیاتی مالیات بر دارایی به طور کلی تنها ملک، تحميل است. قوانین مالیات بر دارایی و امتیازات به طور گسترده ای با نرخ متوسط سالانه اعم از 0.2% به 1.9 ٪ از اموال ارزش توجه به وضعیت متفاوت است. [8]فروش مالیات توسط اکثر ایالت و برخی از محلات در قیمت در خرده فروشی فروش بسیاری از کالاها و خدمات برخی از تحمیل شده است. نرخ مالیات فروش متفاوت است به طور گسترده ای در میان مراجع قضایی از 0 تا 16 درصد و در صلاحیت این دادگاه ها بر اساس خاص کالا یا خدمات مشمول مالیات می باشد. مالیات بر فروش جمع آوری شده توسط فروشنده در زمان فروش یا remitted به عنوان استفاده از مالیات توسط خریداران موارد مشمول مالیات که مالیات بر فروش پرداخت نمی.The United States imposes tariffs or customs duties on the import of many types of goods from many jurisdictions. These tariffs or duties must be paid before the goods can be legally imported. Rates of duty vary from 0% to more than 20%, based on the particular goods and country of origin.Estate and gift taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments on the transfer of property inheritance, by will, or by life time donation. Similar to federal income taxes, federal estate and gift taxes are imposed on worldwide property of citizens and residents and allow a credit for foreign taxes.Contents 1 Levels and types of taxation 2 Types of taxpayers 3 Income tax 3.1 Basic concepts 3.2 Filing status 3.3 Graduated tax rates 3.4 Income 3.5 Deductions and exemptions 3.6 Business entities 3.7 Credits 3.8 Payment or withholding of taxes 3.9 State variations 3.10 Nonresidents 3.11 Alternative tax bases (AMT, states) 3.12 Differences between book and taxable income for businesses 3.13 Reporting under self-assessment system 4 Payroll taxes 4.1 Income tax withholding 4.2 Social Security and Medicare taxes 4.3 Unemployment taxes 4.4 Reporting and payment 4.5 Penalties 5 Sales and excise taxes 5.1 Sales and use tax 5.2 Excise taxes 6 Property taxes 6.1 Types of property taxed 6.2 Assessment and collection 7 Customs duties 7.1 Import of goods 7.2 Origin 7.3 Classification 7.4 Duty rate 7.5 Procedures 7.6 Penalties 7.7 Foreign-Trade Zones 8 Estate and gift tax 9 Licenses and occupational taxes 9.1 User fees 10 Tax administration 10.1 Federal 10.1.1 Internal Revenue Service 10.1.1.1 Examination 10.1.1.2 Published and private rulings 10.1.2 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 10.1.3 Customs and Border Protection 10.2 State administrations 10.3 Local administrations 11 Legal basis 12 Policy issues 12.1 Tax evasion 13 History 14 References 15 Further readingLevels and types of taxationU.S. federal tax receipts for 2014.The United States has an assortment of federal, state, local, and special-purpose governmental jurisdictions. Each imposes taxes to fully or partly fund its operations. These taxes may be imposed on the same income, property or activity, often without offset of one tax against another. The types of tax imposed at each level of government vary, in part due to constitutional restrictions. Income taxes are imposed at the federal and most state levels. Taxes on property are typically imposed only at the local level, though there may be multiple local jurisdictions that tax the same property. Other excise taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments. Sales taxes are imposed by most states and many local governments. Customs duties or tariffs are only imposed by the federal government. A wide variety of user fees or license fees are also imposed.A federal wealth tax would be required by the United States Constitution to be distributed to the States according their populations, as this type of tax is considered a direct tax. State and local government property taxes are wealth taxes on real estate.Types of taxpayersTaxes may be imposed on individuals (natural persons), business entities, estates, trusts, or other forms of organization. Taxes may be based on property, income, transactions, transfers, importations of goods, business activities, or a variety of factors, and are generally imposed on the type of taxpayer for whom such tax base is relevant. Thus, property taxes tend to be imposed on property owners. In addition, certain taxes, particularly income taxes, may be imposed on the members of organizations for the organization's activities. Thus, partners are taxed on the income of their partnership.With few exceptions, one level of government does not impose tax on another level of government or its instrumentalities.Income taxMain article: Income tax in the United StatesU.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center.[9][10]Taxes based on income are imposed at the federal, most state, and some local levels within the United States. The tax systems within each jurisdiction may define taxable income separately. Many states refer to some extent to federal concepts for determining taxable income.Basic concepts
The U.S. income tax system imposes a tax based on income on individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts.[11] The tax is taxable income, as defined, times a specified tax rate. This tax may be reduced by credits, some of which may be refunded if they exceed the tax calculated. Taxable income may differ from income for other purposes (such as for financial reporting). The definition of taxable income for federal purposes is used by many, but far from all states. Income and deductions are recognized under tax rules, and there are variations within the rules among the states. Book and tax income may differ.
Under the U.S. system, individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to income tax. Partnerships are not taxed; rather, their partners are subject to income tax on their shares of income and deductions, and take their shares of credits. Some types of business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships.[12]
Federal receipts by source as share of total receipts (1950–2010).
Individual income taxes
payroll taxes/FICA
corporate income taxes
excise taxes
estate and gift taxes
other receipts
Taxpayers are required to file tax returns and self assess tax. Tax may be withheld from payments of income (e.g., withholding of tax from wages). To the extent taxes are not covered by withholdings, taxpayers must make estimated tax payments, generally quarterly. Tax returns are subject to review and adjustment by taxing authorities, though far less than all returns are reviewed.
Taxable income is gross income less exemptions, deductions, and personal exemptions. Gross income includes "all income from whatever source". Certain income, however, is subject to tax exemption at the federal and/or state levels. This income is reduced by tax deductions including most business and some nonbusiness expenses. Individuals are also allowed a deduction for person
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