Previous research on capital structure has highlighted the critical impact of financial restrictions when seeking funds(Faulkender & Petersen, 2006; Fazzari, Hubbard, & Petersen,
1988; Hubbard, 1998). More specifically, a number of studies emphasise that financially constrained firms obtain less funds and at a higher cost (Carpenter & Petersen, 2002). Recent empirical literature deems unlisted firms as highly constrained and states that they face more severe information asymmetry problems and boast less financial flexibility than their quoted counterparts (Brav,2009). While unlisted firms face high flotation and adverse selection costs, listed firms mostly face flotation costs. Furthermore,the former are smaller, less diversified and more opaque.Hence, agency costs are also particularly high in unlisted firms
(Smith, 2007).